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Defining Limits on Religious Expression in Public Institutions: The Turkish Dilemma

More than seven decades have passed since Mustafa Kemal abolished the Caliphate, disestablished Islam, banned the fez, strongly discouraged the veil, advocated European attire, introduced Western legal codes, changed the Turkish script from Arabic to a modified Latin alphabet, and proclaimed "laicism" (secularism) as one of the cardinal principles of the modern Turkish Republic.
Dr. George E. Gruen
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Dr. George E. Gruen

Dr. George E. Gruen, an Associate of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, is Adjunct Professor of International Affairs at Columbia University's Middle East Institute and a specialist in Turkish affairs.
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Dr. George E. Gruen

Dr. George E. Gruen, an Associate of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, is Adjunct Professor of International Affairs at Columbia University's Middle East Institute and a specialist in Turkish affairs.
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